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| List of public universities in France by academy ： ウィキペディア英語版 |
List of public universities in France
This list of public universities in France refers to the autonomous institutions which are distinguished as being state institutes of higher education and research that practice open admissions, designated "Université" by the French ministry of Higher Education and Research.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Principal establishments of higher education )〕
For other types of institutions of higher education see the list of colleges and universities in France, including the national polytechnic institutes, the grandes écoles (among which are the three universities of technology) or private universities, such as the Catholic universities, the Protestant universities, the private secular universities, and the American University of Paris.
== History ==
This list also refers to university systems related to the public universities, including the historic city university systems〔French public universities in some cities are commonly spoken of as being multiple campuses of a larger city university system. For instance, the University of Paris system is said to be composed of 13 campuses, Paris I through Paris XIII, and this was the case in 1970. However, this view no longer reflects the reality as of 2007, which is of largely autonomous universities that fall under the academies in ways that do not necessarily respect the old groupings. To take the Paris example, three universities that bear the University of Paris name, Paris VIII, Paris XII, and Paris XIII, are in fact in the Academy of Créteil, and two others, Paris X and Paris XI, are in the Academy of Versailles, whereas the University of Marne la Vallée, which does not have a University of Paris campus number, is governed by the Academy of Paris.〕 and the new centres for research and higher education. The Pôle de recherche et d'enseignement supérieur (PRES) were organized from 2007 to 2013 as groupings of higher education and research institutions in France; these are now replaced largely by the new association of universities and higher education institutions (ComUE).
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